Difference between revisions of "User talk:Compactflash Siamendes"

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<!--{{sprotect|small=yes}} This article ought to be protected, but currently isn't.-->
{{otheruses1|the vehicle}}
{{train topics}}
 
A '''train''' is a connected series of vehicles that move along a track ([[permanent way]]) to [[rail transport|transport freight or passengers]] from one place to another. The track usually consists of two [[rail tracks|rails]], but might also be a [[monorail]] or [[magnetic levitation train|maglev]] guideway. Propulsion for the train is provided by a separate [[locomotive]], or from individual motors in self-propelled [[multiple unit]]s. Most modern trains are powered by [[diesel locomotive]]s or by [[Electric locomotive|electricity]] supplied by [[railway electrification system|overhead wires or additional rails]], although historically (from the early 19th century to the mid-20th century) the [[steam locomotive]] was the dominant form of locomotive power. Other sources of power (such as [[horse]]s, [[cable car|rope or wire]], [[gravity]], [[pneumatics]], and [[gas turbine]]s) are possible.
 
The word 'train' comes from the [[Old French]] ''trahiner'', itself from the [[Latin]] ''trahere'' 'pull, draw'.<ref>{{cite web | title = Train (noun) | work = (definition - Compact OED) | publisher = Oxford University Press | url = http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/train?view=uk | accessdate = 2008-03-18}}</ref>
 
==Types of trains==
[[File:5051 Earl Bathurst Cocklewood Harbour.jpg|thumb|[[Steam locomotive]]-hauled passenger train]]
[[Image:ICE 3 Fahlenbach.jpg|thumb|German [[InterCityExpress|ICE]] high speed passenger train (a form of [[multiple unit]])]]
[[Image:Patchway-153372-02.jpg|thumb|[[British Rail Class 153]] (single-unit) diesel [[railcar]]]]
[[File:RhB Zement- und Holzzug bei Ilanz.jpg|thumb|An [[electric locomotive]] -hauled freight train]]
There are various types of train designed for particular purposes.
A train can consist of a combination of one or more [[locomotive]]s and attached [[railroad car]]s, or a self-propelled [[multiple unit]] (or occasionally a single powered coach, called a [[railcar]]). Trains can also be hauled by horses, pulled by a cable, or run downhill by gravity.
 
Special kinds of trains running on corresponding special 'railways' are [[atmospheric railway]]s, [[monorail]]s, [[high-speed rail]]ways, [[Maglev train|maglev]], [[Rubber-tyred metro|rubber-tired underground]], [[funicular]] and [[Rack railway|cog railways]].
 
A passenger train may consist of one or several locomotives, and one or more coaches. Alternatively, a train may consist entirely of passenger carrying coaches, some or all of which are powered as a "[[multiple unit]]". In many parts of the world, particularly [[Japan]] and [[Europe]], [[high-speed rail]] is utilized extensively for passenger travel.
 
Freight trains comprise wagons or trucks rather than carriages, though some parcel and mail trains (especially [[Travelling Post Office]]s) are outwardly more like passenger trains.
 
Trains can also be 'mixed', comprising both passenger accommodation and freight vehicles. Such mixed trains are most likely to occur where services are infrequent, and running separate passenger and freight trains is not cost-effective, though the differing needs of passengers and freight usually means this is avoided where possible.
 
Special trains are also used for [[Rail tracks#Track Maintenance|track maintenance]]; in some places, this is called [[maintenance of way]].
 
In the [[United Kingdom]], a train hauled by two locomotives is said to be "double-headed", and in [[Canada]] and the [[United States]] it is quite common for a long freight train to be headed by three or more locomotives. A train with a locomotive attached at each end is described as 'top and tailed', this practice typically being used when there are no reversing facilities available. Where a second locomotive is attached temporarily to assist a train up steep banks or grades (or down them by providing braking power) it is referred to as '[[bank engine|banking]]' in the UK, or 'helper service' in North America.  Recently, many loaded trains in the US have been made up with one or more locomotives in the middle or at the rear of the train, operated remotely from the lead cab. This is referred to as "DP" or "Distributed Power."
 
===Official terminology===
The [[railway terminology]] that is used to describe a 'train' varies between countries.
;United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the interchangeable terms '''set''' and '''unit''' are used to refer to a group of permanently or semi-permanently coupled vehicles, such as those of a [[multiple unit]]. While when referring to a train made up of a variety of vehicles, or of several sets/units, the term '''formation''' is used. (Although the UK public and media often forgo 'formation', for simply 'train'.)  The word '''rake''' is also used for a group of coaches or wagons.
 
In the United Kingdom Section 83(1) of the Railways Act 1993 defines "train" as follows:
:a) two or more items of rolling stock coupled together, at least one of which is a locomotive; or
:b) a locomotive not coupled to any other rolling stock.
 
;United States
In the United States, the term '''consist''' is used to describe the group of rail vehicles which make up a train.  When referring to [[motive power]], '''consist''' refers to the group of [[locomotive]]s powering the train. Similarly, the term '''trainset''' refers to a group of [[rolling stock]] that is permanently or semi-permanently coupled together to form a unified set of equipment (the term is most often applied to [[passenger train]] configurations).
 
The [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway]]'s 1948 operating rules define a train as: "An engine or more than one engine coupled, with or without cars, displaying markers."<ref>{{cite book| author=Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway| title=Rules: Operating Department| year=1948| pages=7 }}</ref>
 
==Motive power==
[[Image:v43.jpg|thumb|V43, a common [[Hungary|Hungarian]] [[electric locomotive]] used in passenger train service.]]
The first trains were rope-hauled, gravity powered or pulled by horses, but from the early 19th century almost all were powered by [[steam locomotive]]s. From the 1920s onwards they began to be replaced by less labour intensive and cleaner (but more complex and expensive) [[diesel locomotive]]s and [[electric locomotive]]s, while at about the same time self-propelled [[multiple unit]] vehicles of either power system became much more common in passenger service. In most countries [[dieselisation]] of locomotives in day-to-day use was completed by the 1970s. A few countries, most notably the [[People's Republic of China]], where [[coal]] and labour are cheap, still use steam locomotives, but this is being gradually phased out. Historic steam trains still run in many other countries, for the leisure and enthusiast market.
 
Electric traction offers a lower cost per mile of train operation but at a higher initial cost, which can only be justified on high traffic lines.  Since the cost per mile of construction is much higher, electric traction is less favored on long-distance lines with the exception of long-distance high speed lines.  Electric trains receive their current via [[overhead lines]] or through a [[third rail electric system]].
 
==Passenger trains==
{{Cleanup|section|date=August 2008}}
A passenger train is one which includes passenger-carrying vehicles. It may be a self-powered [[multiple unit]] or [[railcar]], or else a combination of one or more locomotives and one or more unpowered trailers known as [[passenger car (rail)|coaches, cars or carriages]]. Passenger trains travel between [[train station|stations]] where passengers may join or leave the train. Many of the more prestigious passenger train services have been given a [[List of named passenger trains|specific name]], some of which have become [[Famous trains|famous]] in literature and fiction. [[India]] has the largest passenger density<!--what is 'passenger density'? - heavy passengers?  ans: it refers to the ridership numbers. --> in the world.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}India has one of the largest passenger density due to a great population, referring to a population chart of India, yet it is only one of the most populated countries, but is the only populated one to have the greatest passenger density out of the other countries. <ref>[http://www.thesouthasian.org/archives/2005/education_trends_in_india_a_lo.html The South Asian: Education trends in India: a look at the statistics<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Some passenger trains, both long distance and short distanced, may use double-decker railcars to hold more passengers per car. Designs and safety of passenger trains has changed dramatically over time.
 
===Long-distance trains===
[[Image:InterCity2 - passenger car interior.jpg|thumb|Interior of a [[passenger car (rail)|passenger car]] in a long-distance train in [[Finland]]]]
Long-distance trains travel between many cities and/or regions of a country, and sometimes cross several countries.  They often have a [[dining car]] or restaurant car to allow passengers to have a meal during the course of their journey.  Trains traveling overnight may also have [[sleeping car]]s.
 
====High-speed trains====
{{main|High-speed rail}}
[[Image:Shinkansen 500 Kyoto 2005-03-19.jpg|thumb|right|Japanese [[Shinkansen]] [[500 Series Shinkansen|500 Series]] ([[High-speed rail]])]]
In [[Japan]], most of the public transportation between the [[Tokyo]] metropolitan area and the [[Osaka]] metropolitan area (around 500&nbsp;km) is dominated by the [[Shinkansen]], however in longer journeys (such as [[Tokyo]]-[[Hiroshima]]) more people prefer to travel by air.<ref>{{cite book| author=Central Japan Railway| title=Central Japan Railway Data Book 2006| year=2006| pages=16 }}</ref>
 
Very fast trains sometimes [[tilting train|tilt]], like the [[Advanced Passenger Train|APT]], the [[Pendolino]], or the [[Talgo]]. Tilting is a system where the passenger cars automatically lean into [[Curvature|curves]], reducing the sideways [[g-force]]s on passengers and permitting higher speeds on curves in the [[rail tracks|track]] with greater passenger comfort.
 
The fastest train on rails is the [[France|French]] [[TGV]] (Train à Grande Vitesse) (French for High Speed Train) which achieved a 574.8 km/h (356 mph) speed in testing in 2007. However, TGVs run at a maximum commercial speed of 300-320 km/h. The [[InterCityExpress|German ICE]] uses this commercial speed of 300-320 km/h as well.
 
===Inter-city trains===
Trains connecting cities can be distinguished into two groups, [[Inter-city rail|inter-city]] trains, which do not halt at small stations, and trains that serve all stations, usually known as [[local train]]s or "stoppers" (and sometimes an intermediate type, usually known as [[limited-stop]]).
 
===Branch line trains===
Branch lines are usually defined as connections to local stations or local lines and usually stopping services, running to all stations or the majority of stations on a line.
 
===Commuter trains===
[[Image:Mumbai Train.JPG|thumb|The [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] in [[India]] has the largest passenger density in the world]]
[[Image:Jr t204standing.jpg|thumb|Interior of a 6 door passenger car in [[Japan]], when the bench seats are folded]]
For shorter distances many cities have networks of [[commuter train]]s, serving the city and its suburbs. Some carriages may be laid out to have more standing room than seats, or to facilitate the carrying of [[Baby transport#Pushable vehicles|prams]], [[bicycle|cycles]] or [[wheelchair]]s. Some countries have [[Bilevel car|double-decked passenger trains]] for use in conurbations. Double deck high speed and sleeper trains are becoming more common in mainland Europe.
 
Passenger trains usually have [[emergency brake]] handles (or a "communication cord") that the public can operate. Misuse is punished by a heavy [[Fine (penalty)|fine]].
 
Large cities often have a [[rapid transit|metro]] system, also called underground, subway or tube. The trains are electrically powered, usually by [[third rail]], and their railroads are separate from other traffic, without [[level crossing]]s. Usually they run in tunnels in the city center and sometimes on elevated structures in the outer parts of the city. They can accelerate and decelerate faster than heavier, long-distance trains.
 
A light one- or two-car rail vehicle running through the streets is by convention not considered a train but rather a [[tram]], trolley, light-rail vehicle or streetcar, but the distinction is not always strict. In some countries such as the United Kingdom the distinction between a tramway and a [[railway]] is precise and defined in law.
 
The term [[light rail]] is sometimes used for a modern tram, but it may also mean an intermediate form between a tram and a train, similar to metro except that it may have level crossings. These are often protected with crossing gates. They may also be called a [[tram|trolley]].
 
[[Maglev train|Maglev]] trains and [[monorail]]s represent minor technologies in the train field.
 
The term '''[[rapid transit]]''' is used for public transport such as commuter trains, metro and light rail. However, in New York City, lines on the [[New York City Subway]] have been referred to as "trains".
 
Some commuter trains in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] have special cars which the bench seats fold up to provide standing room only during the morning rush hour (until 10 a.m.). The [[E231 series]] train has two of these cars in each set (usually as part of a 10- or 11-car set), officially nicknamed "roku-tobira-sha" (literally, "6 door car") - all the other cars have four sets of doors on each side.
 
An estimated 3.5 million passengers ride every day on Tokyo's [[Yamanote Line]], with its 29 stations. For comparison, the New York City Subway carries 4.8 million passengers per day on 26 lines serving 468 stations.
 
===Named trains===
Railway companies often give a name to a train service as a marketing exercise, to raise the profile of the service and hence attract more passengers (and also to gain [[kudos]] for the company). Usually, naming is reserved for the most prestigious trains: the high-speed express trains between major cities, stopping at few intermediate stations. The names of services such as the [[Orient Express]], the [[Flying Scotsman (train)|Flying Scotsman]], the [[Flèche d’Or]] and the [[Royal Scot (train)|Royal Scot]] have passed into popular culture.
 
{{seealso|Famous trains}}
{{seealso|Passenger trains}}
 
A somewhat less common practice is the naming of freight trains, for the same commercial reasons. The "Condor" was an overnight [[London]]-[[Glasgow]] express goods train, in the 1960s, hauled by pairs of [[British Rail Class 28|"Metrovick"]] diesel locomotives. In the mid-1960s, [[British Rail]] introduced the [[Freightliner (UK)|"Freightliner"]] brand, for the new train services carrying [[containerization|containers]] between dedicated terminals around the rail network. The [[W.V. Awdry|Rev. W. Awdry]] also named freight trains, coining the term ''[[The Flying Kipper]]'' for the overnight express fish train that appeared in his stories in [[The Railway Series]] books.
 
===Airport trains===
Airport trains are trains within airport buildings that transport people between terminals.
 
==Freight trains==
[[Image:WCML freight train.jpg|thumb|[[United Kingdom|British]] electric container freight train]]
[[Image:BNSF 5350 20040808 Prairie du Chien WI.jpg|thumb|[[United States|American]] freight service]]
 
A freight train (also known as  goods train) uses '''[[Railroad car#Freight cars|freight cars]]''' (also known as wagons or trucks) to transport goods or materials ([[cargo]]) &ndash; essentially any train that is not used for carrying passengers. Much of the world's freight is transported by train, and in the [[United States|USA]] the rail system is used more for transporting freight than passengers.
 
Under the right circumstances, transporting freight by train is highly economic, and also more energy efficient than transporting freight by road.  Rail freight is most economic when freight is being carried in bulk and over long distances, but is less suited to short distances and small loads.  Bulk aggregate movements of a mere twenty miles (32 km) can be cost effective even allowing for trans-shipment costs. These trans-shipment costs dominate in many cases and many modern practices such as [[containerization|container]] freight are aimed at minimizing these.
 
The main disadvantage of rail freight is its lack of flexibility.  For this reason, rail has lost much of the freight business to [[road transport|road competition]]. Many governments are now trying to encourage more freight onto trains, because of the benefits that it would bring.
 
There are many different types of freight trains, which are used to carry many different kinds of freight, with many different types of [[Railroad car#Freight cars|wagons]]. One of the most common types on modern railways are container trains, where containers can be lifted on and off the train by [[crane (machine)|crane]]s and loaded off or onto [[truck]]s or [[ship]]s.
 
This type of freight train has largely superseded the traditional [[boxcar]] (wagon-load) type of freight train, with which the cargo has to be loaded or unloaded manually.
 
In some countries "[[Intermodal freight transport|piggy-back]]" trains are used: [[truck]]s can drive straight onto the train and drive off again when the end destination is reached. A system like this is used through the [[Channel Tunnel]] between [[England]] and [[France]], and for the trans-Alpine service between France and [[Italy]] (this service uses [[Gondola (rail)#Modalohr road trailer carriers|Modalohr road trailer carriers]]).  'Piggy-back' trains are the fastest growing type of freight trains in the United States, where they are also known as '[[Semi-trailer|trailer]] on [[flatcar]]' or TOFC trains. 'Piggy-back' trains require no special modifications to the vehicles being carried. An alternative type of "inter-modal" vehicle, known as a [[Roadrailer]], is designed to be physically attached to the train. The original trailers were fitted with two sets of wheels: one set flanged, for the trailer to run connected to other such trailers as a rail vehicle in a train; and one set tyred, for use as the [[semi-trailer]] of a road vehicle. More modern trailers have only road wheels and are designed to be carried on specially adapted [[bogie]]s (trucks) when moving on rails.
 
There are also many other types of [[Railroad car#Freight cars|wagons]], such as "low loader" wagons for transporting road vehicles. There are [[refrigerator car]]s for transporting [[food]]s such as ice cream. There are simple types of [[Gondola (rail)|open-topped wagons]] for transporting [[mineral]]s and bulk material such as [[coal]], and [[tank car|tankers]]  for transporting liquids and gases. Today however most coal and aggregates are moved in [[hopper car|hopper wagons]] that can be filled and discharged rapidly, to enable efficient handling of the materials.
 
Freight trains are sometimes illegally boarded by passengers who do not wish to pay money, or do not have the money to travel by ordinary means.  This is referred to as "[[freighthopping|hopping]]" and is considered by some communities to be a viable form of transport.  Most hoppers sneak into train yards and stow away in boxcars. More bold hoppers will catch a train "on the fly", that is, as it is moving, leading to occasional fatalities.
 
 
== See also ==
{{commonscat|Trains}}
* [[Armoured train]]
* [[:Category:Train simulation video games]]
* [[Famous trains]]
* [[Heaviest trains]]
* [[History of rail transport]]
* [[Hydrail]]
* [[List of rail accidents]]
* [[List of railway companies]]
* [[Monorail]]
* [[Rail transport modelling]]
* [[Rail transport in fiction]]
* [[Rocket sled]] - rail mounted rockets
* [[Toy train]]
* [[Train game]]
* [[Unit train]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
* {{Citation
  | last = Glancey
  | first = Jonathan
  | title = The Train
  | publisher = Carlton Publishing Group
  | year = 2005
  | id = ISBN 978-1-844423-45-3}}, 256 pp.
 
[[Category:Trains| ]]
[[Category:Rail transport]]
 
{{Link FA|pt}}
 
[[ar:قطار]]
[[an:Tren]]
[[arz:اطر]]
[[az:Qatar (nəqliyyat)]]
[[bs:Voz]]
[[bg:Влак]]
[[ca:Tren]]
[[cs:Vlak]]
[[cy:Trên]]
[[da:Tog]]
[[pdc:Train]]
[[de:Zug (Eisenbahn)]]
[[et:Rong]]
[[el:Τραίνο]]
[[eml:Trein]]
[[es:Tren]]
[[eo:Trajno]]
[[eu:Tren]]
[[fa:قطار]]
[[fr:Train]]
[[fur:Tren]]
[[ga:Traein]]
[[gl:Tren]]
[[ko:기차]]
[[hi:रेलगाडी]]
[[hr:Vlak]]
[[id:Kereta api]]
[[is:Járnbrautarlest]]
[[it:Treno]]
[[he:רכבת]]
[[sw:Treni]]
[[kg:Lukalu]]
[[la:Hamaxostichus]]
[[lv:Vilciens]]
[[lt:Traukinys]]
[[lij:Treno]]
[[ln:Engbunduka]]
[[hu:Vonat]]
[[mk:Воз]]
[[ml:തീവണ്ടി]]
[[mr:रेल्वे]]
[[ms:Kereta api]]
[[my:မီးရထား]]
[[nah:Tepozcōātl]]
[[nl:Trein]]
[[cr:Ishkuteutapan]]
[[ja:列車]]
[[no:Tog]]
[[nn:Jarnbanetog]]
[[nrm:Train]]
[[pl:Pociąg]]
[[pt:Trem]]
[[ksh:Zoch (Baan)]]
[[ro:Tren]]
[[qu:Antakuru]]
[[ru:Поезд]]
[[scn:Trenu]]
[[sk:Vlak]]
[[sl:Vlak]]
[[szl:Cug]]
[[sr:Воз]]
[[sh:Vlak]]
[[fi:Juna]]
[[sv:Tåg]]
[[ta:தொடர்வண்டி]]
[[te:రైలు]]
[[th:รถไฟ]]
[[vi:Tàu hỏa]]
[[tr:Tren]]
[[uk:Поїзд]]
[[ur:قطار]]
[[wa:Trén]]
[[vls:Tring]]
[[wuu:火车]]
[[yi:באן]]
[[zh:鐵路列車]]

Revision as of 23:07, 4 February 2009

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