Lighting and shadows

Warning: This is a draft in progress. Please do not use yet.

Overview

The new lighting and shadows feature improves the quality of the in-world visual experience, specifically:

• High quality real-time shadows.
• Full dynamic lighting for an infinite number of local light sources.
• Special effects such as ambient occlusion and depth of field.

Note: Sky and water environments appear and function the same regardless of whether lighting and shadows are enabled.

Prerequisites

This feature requires a OpenGL 3.0 capable graphics card, such as NVIDIA GeForce 8600 and 8800, GTX 2xx, or Radeon HD 4xxxx.

If your graphics card cannot support the feature, then it is disabled, and you cannot enable it.

Graphics preferences settings

To enable or change your lighting and shadows settings:

1. Choose Me > Preferences.
2. Click the Graphics tab.
3. Click Advanced.
4. Check Atmospheric Shaders And Hardware Skinning (under Avatar Rendering).

Note: In general, enabling lighting and shadows will lower the frame-rate somewhat; by default the feature is disabled on hardware where the typical frame-rate would be decreased below 10FPS.

When Atmospheric Shaders is enabled, if your system supports it, you can then enable:

• Lighting and Shadows
• Ambient Occlusion
• Shadows

When you check Lighting and Shadows, you can then enable Ambient Occlusion, Depth of Field, and select the desired type of Shadows.

To enable Water Reflections, check Basic shaders. Options are "Minimal", "Terrain and Trees", "All static objects", "All avatars and objects", "Everything".

Shadows

Shadows are cast in the direction opposite the sun or moon (or other light source).

Faces far from the camera (more than about 256 meters) will not receive shadows. As they approach this distance, the received shadows quickly fade away.

Key to illustrations in this section:

• A = avatar
• B = opaque object
• C = 39% transparency
• D = 40% transparency
• E = 80% transparency
• F = opaque full-bright object
• G = alpha texture (per-pixel transparency)

Receiving shadows

Receiving shadows

The following can receive shadows:

• Avatars and avatar imposters
• Glowing prims
• Sculpted prims
• Water, ground, and foliage

Full-bright surfaces (opaque or transparent) cannot receive shadows.

Casting shadows

Casting shadows

Things that can cast shadows:

• Alpha pixels < 40% transparent
• Full-brights, glowies, sculpties, avatars, foliage, ground

Things that do not cast shadows:

• Alpha pixels => 40% transparent
• Avatar imposters
• Particles

An object that both casts and receives shadows can cast a shadow on itself. For example, an avatar's arm can cast a shadow on the avatar's leg, where appropriate.

Shadows on bumpy objects

Full-bright bumpy objects render the same as with lighting and shadows off. Non-full-bright bumpy objects have the following visual properties of bumpiness:

Realistic lighting for the depth-like roughness detail of the bump texture, according to sun/moon direction and the direction and influence of any local lights.

Shadow settings

In preferences, you can choose to see the following types of shadows:

• None
• Sun / Moon
• Sun / Moon + Projectors

None

Broadly-speaking, setting Shadows to None looks similar to turning off Lighting and Shadows altogether, except:

• A bit smoother lighting from sun, moon, and local lights.
• Shininess on non-full-bright surfaces looks different.
• Any number of lights will now light the scene simultaneously.
• Increased accuracy in lighting means that a bright light near a surface may now light nearby points on that surface more intensely than previously.
• Avatar imposters are lit similarly to non-imposters

Sun/Moon

Setting Shadows to Sun/Moon causes all qualifying objects to cast shadows and have shadows cast upon them.

Sun/Moon + Projectors

When you select Sun/Moon + Projectors shadows, objects will cast shadows from the light of the sun and the moon and any other inworld light sources.

Ambient occlusion

You may use shadows settings with or without ambient occlusion. Enabling ambient occlusion causes a subtle darkening of nooks and crannies in shapes.

Enabling Ambient Occlusion and setting Shadows to Sun/Moon simultaneously exhibits both effects, with the added effect that shadows are smoother (softer and blurrier).

Ambient occlusion and shadows

Depth of field

TBD.

Creating light sources

Creating and editing a light source is the same as in previous releases, extra lighting options are available in the Build Features tab if you have 'Lighting and shadows' turned on:

The extra options are:

• A new texture-chooser next to the light's color-chooser. This defaults to 'no texture' (a grey box with an X through it).
• A 'FOV' entry (defaulting to 0.0)
• A 'Focus' entry (defaulting to 0.0)
• An 'Ambiance' entry (defaulting to 0.0)

The effects of these options are explained in the next section. 'FOV', 'Focus', and 'Ambiance' settings have no visible effect unless a texture is selected in the texture-chooser.

Point lights

Existing inworld point light sources are largely unaffected by the Lighting and Shadows setting, except:

• The generated light should generally look smoother (less triangular, less delineated, and more 'round' in its influence)
• The generated light may appear brighter on surfaces close to the light source.
• Lights whose areas of influence overlap may make that area seem lit much brighter than previously.
• Every light in the scene will have a cumulative influence on lighting (not just the closest six lights)

The above exceptions may not apply to lighting falling upon transparent or alpha-textured faces: faces with a lot of partial transparency appear essentially identical (apart from shadows falling upon them) regardless of whether 'lighting and shadows' is turned on or off. The light attributes 'color', 'intensity', 'radius', and 'falloff' affect lights in visually similar ways with 'lighting and shadows' on or off.

Point light

Projectors

A projector is a light source that has a texture assigned to it (from the texture-picker next to the color-picker in the light editor). The features of projectors are only fully visibly supported when 'Lighting and shadows' is enabled.

A projector differs from a regular (point) light as follows:

• It respects the FOV, Ambiance and Focus attributes (more on these below).
• It does not cast light evenly in all directions; it only casts light along its negative Z-axis (i.e. the light is directional, and may be pointed at things).
  • The upshot of this is that the effect of a projector's light depends on the rotation of the object with the Light feature.
• Light emitted along the negative Z-axis of a projector will actually cause lit objects to cast shadows appropriately, according to the same caster/receiver rules as sun/moon shadows, but only if:
  • the 'Shadows' preference is set to 'Sun/Moon + Projectors', and
  • the projector in question is one of the top two most influential projectors in the scene ('influential' is a fuzzy metric, but basically 'closest to the avatar')
• The light emitted along a projector's negative Z axis is itself textured (with the texture selected in the light section of the build->Feature tab, tinted with the color selected alongside it), effectively like a slide-projector.
• The scale of a prim with the Light feature proportionally affects the scale of the textured light projection from that object.

Limitations

Projectors may not project textures onto alpha/transparent faces which have partial transparency. Such faces may be lit by the projector as if Lighting and Shadows was disabled, as detailed in the below section "Projectors: 'Lighting and shadows' disabled (a.k.a. Spotlights)"

Projectors & Shiny

A projecting prim reflecting in a shiny surface should exhibit a reflection of the projecting prim's projected texture. This should be increasingly sharper and brighter, the more shiny the reflecting surface is.

FOV

This defines the 'field of view' of the projector, in radians. This is the angular width of the cone of light projected. The possible range of values from 0.0 to 3.0 correspond to widths from 0 degrees (you can't see it - we should probably set this lower range to 0.001) to approx 172 degrees (almost a hemisphere of influence). It is accepted that the fidelity of any shadows caused by a projector may degrade as the FOV becomes larger.

Focus

A projected texture appears blurrier the further the projection point is from the projector. The Focus value controls how attenuated this effect is. Positive values keep the projection sharper for further, negative values make the projection start to blur at a closer range.

Ambiance

This adds a very blurred version of the projected image to all faces within the cone of influence, regardless of even whether they are in shadow or facing away from the projector. The goal is to very roughly simulate light influence which is being diffused in all directions by surfaces receiving a projected image. Thus it is acceptable that this be even brighter on faces facing away from the projector. The brightness of this effect should be proportional to the Ambiance value. It is probably a bug that values from 0.5-1.0 seem to have no additional effect above the 0.5 value.

Projectors with lighting and shadows disabled

When Lighting and shadows is disabled, a projector behaves like a point light, but it continues to obey the Color, Intensity, Radius, Falloff attributes of the light.