Hex

Function: string hex(integer value);

Returns the hexadecimal nybbles of the signed integer value in order. Specifically returns the nybbles from most to least significant, starting with the first nonzero nybble, folding every nybble to lower case, and beginning with the nonnegative prefix "0x" or the negative prefix "-0x".

Parameters:

• integer

value

–

signed value to be expressed as negative or nonnegative hex

Note: Always begins any result of eight nybbles with one of the positive signed nybbles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, never with a zero or unsigned nybble 0 8 9 A B C D E F, except for the boundary test case of the most negative integer "-0x80000000".

Code

The brief, clear, conventional code here implements this specification exactly.

The Efficient Hex article presents an alternative approach: clever, small, and fast code to implement the same specification and related specifications, and also links to instruments that measure small and fast.

// http://wiki.secondlife.com/wiki/hex

string XDIGITS = "0123456789abcdef"; // could be "0123456789ABCDEF"

string hexes(integer bits)
{
    string nybbles = "";
    while (bits)
    {
        integer lsn = bits & 0xF; // least significant nybble
        string nybble = llGetSubString(XDIGITS, lsn, lsn);
        nybbles = nybble + nybbles;
        bits = bits >> 4; // discard the least significant bits at right
        bits = bits & 0xfffFFFF; // discard the sign bits at left
    }
    return nybbles;
}

string hex(integer value)
{
    if (value < 0)
    {
        return "-0x" + hexes(-value);
    }
    else if (value == 0)
    {
        return "0x0"; // hexes(value) == "" when (value == 0)
    }
    else // if (0 < value)
    {
        return "0x" + hexes(value);
    }
}

Demo Results

Running the demo should produce exactly these results:

Hello
0x0 == 0
0x400 == (0x00FEDC00 & -0x00FEDC00)
0x40000000 == (1 << 30)
-0x80000000 == 0x80000000
-0x123678a == 0xFEDC9876
-0x1 == -1
-0x1 == 0x123456789
OK
Hello again
0x7fffffff as base
0x7fffffff by owner
0x0 by group
0x0 by anyone
0x82000 by next owner
aka 532480
OK

Demo

To reproduce exactly the expected demo results above, run the demo code below.

We chose test cases that astonish people new to hex and test cases that astonish people new to LSL permission masks.

You'll get the permission mask results we show if you create a New Script to run this demo in. If instead you try modifying some old script to run this demo, then you might have to edit its permission masks to get the demo results that we show here.

default
{
    state_entry()
    {
        llOwnerSay("Hello");
        llOwnerSay(hex(0) + " == 0");
        llOwnerSay(hex(0x00FEDC00 & -0x00FEDC00) + " == (0x00FEDC00 & -0x00FEDC00)");
        llOwnerSay(hex(1 << 30) + " == (1 << 30)");
        llOwnerSay(hex(0x80000000) + " == 0x80000000");
        llOwnerSay(hex(0xFEDC9876) + " == 0xFEDC9876");
        llOwnerSay(hex(-1) + " == -1");
        llOwnerSay(hex(0x123456789) + " == 0x123456789");
        llOwnerSay("OK");
        
        llOwnerSay("Hello again");
        string item = llGetScriptName();
        llOwnerSay(hex(llGetInventoryPermMask(item, MASK_BASE)) + " as base");
        llOwnerSay(hex(llGetInventoryPermMask(item, MASK_OWNER)) + " by owner");
        llOwnerSay(hex(llGetInventoryPermMask(item, MASK_GROUP)) + " by group");
        llOwnerSay(hex(llGetInventoryPermMask(item, MASK_EVERYONE)) + " by anyone");
        llOwnerSay(hex(llGetInventoryPermMask(item, MASK_NEXT)) + " by next owner");
        llOwnerSay("aka " + (string) llGetInventoryPermMask(item, MASK_NEXT));
        llOwnerSay("OK");
    }
}

Specification

We chose requirements that astonish people who usually write clever, small, or fast code by taking as precedent a specification from the far off world of people who usually write brief, clear, and conventional code.

We require exactly the same results as the hex function of the popular Python scripting language. We thus reproduce how hex integer literals often appear in LSL script, conforming to such arbitrary and traditional AT&T C conventions as:

1. return lower case a b c d e f rather than upper case A B C D E F,
2. return a signed 31-bit result if negative, rather than an unsigned 32-bit result,
3. omit the leading zeroed nybbles, except return "0x0" rather than "0x" when the result is zero,
4. return a meaningless "0" before the "x", as LSL and C compilers require,
5. return the "x" on the left as in LSL and C, not the "h" on the right as in Assembly code, and
6. return the nybbles listed from most to least significant as in English, not listed from least to most significant as in Arabic.

Brief doc for the Python hex function appears buried deep within http://docs.python.org/lib/built-in-funcs.html

Disputes over the detailed specification of the Python hex function appear buried deep within http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0237/

See Also

Articles

• Efficient Hex

Functions

• llGetInventoryPermMask
• llGetObjectPermMask
• llIntegerToBase64

Wikipedia

•  Exemplar
•  Principle_of_least_astonishment