Category:LSL List

A list is a special kind of data type which can contain zero or more elements.

Lists are signified by square brackets surrounding their elements; the elements inside are separated by commas.

Examples: <lsl>[0,1,2,3,4]

["Yes","No","Perhaps"]</lsl>

(Note: to be clear for those who have other programming backgrounds, there are no arrays in LSL: only lists.)

Diverse Data Types

Not all elements in a list need to be the same type of element. In the same list, you can store strings, integers, floats, vectors, etc, right side by side.

Example: <lsl>//a list with an integer, a float, a string, and a vector. [1,14.154,"Isn't this fun?",<0,0,0>]</lsl>

However, a list may not contain another list (i.e. you can't nest them.)

<lsl>[1, "one", 2, "two"] + [3, "three"] returns [1, "one", 2, "two", 3, "three"]</lsl> not <lsl>[1, "one", 2, "two", [3, "three"]]</lsl>

When you add an element to a list, the list remembers automatically what data type the value was.

Generally, because you're the one adding something to a list, you know what datatype is in what place in the list, and you retrieve it out of the list with the appropriate llList2<type> function such as: llList2String, llList2Vector, etc. (more on this later.)

If for some reason, though, you need to test what data type an element is in a list, you can use the llGetListEntryType function.

Tip! When adding a float to a list, always add it with a decimal point (e.g 1.0 as opposed to 1) to ensure that it is preserved as a float.

List can be directly typecast into string <lsl>default {

    touch_start(integer total_number)
   {   
       list a = ["abc",1,2,3.14,<0,0,0>];
       llOwnerSay((string)a); // outcome:  abc123.140000<0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000>
   }

}</lsl>

or can use a do while condition to say each list item separately <lsl>default {

    touch_start(integer total_number)
   {   
       list a = ["abc","def","ghi","jkl","lmn","opq"];
       integer i;
       integer s = llGetListLength(a);
       do
       llOwnerSay(llList2String(a,i));
       while(s>++i);
   }

}</lsl>

Common List Operations

Counting place in a list vs list length

It's important at the outset to note the following (which can trip up even experienced minds when they are battle-weary):

<lsl>["Yes","No","Perhaps"]</lsl>

The length of this list is 3, because it has 3 elements in it. The length of a list is returned by the llGetListLength() function:

<lsl>integer length = llGetListLength(mylist);</lsl>

BUT, counting to determine an element's place in its list (aka "indexing") starts at 0 -- NOT 1.

The position of "Yes" in the above list is 0, "No" is at position 1, and "Perhaps" is at position 2.

Consequently, if you have 7 elements in a list, the last item in the list will be at position 6.

Thus to retrieve the last element in a list, without having to know in advance what position it is at, you can just go:

<lsl>integer length = llGetListLength(mylist); string item = llList2String(myList,length - 1);</lsl>

List Limits

(As of 2/20/11 these limits do not appear to apply for both LSO and Mono.)

While a script is running, a list can grow dynamically as large as needed, limited only by the amount of memory that is available in the script.

However, at compile (aka save) time, there is a 72 element limit to pre-defined lists hardcoded in the script. Such long, predefined lists are common, for example, when someone is offering the user a plethora of colour choices.

Tip! If you really need 72 or more such choices in a pre-defined list, just make 2 (or more) lists that don't upset the compiler, and join them together in state_entry() or wherever appropriate:

<lsl>biggerlist = biglist01 + biglist02;</lsl>

Adding an Element to a list

There are several ways used to add an element to an existing list via prepending/appending:

1. <lsl>myList = [new_item] + myList; // Best method for Mono-LSL: prepended list concatenation</lsl>
2. <lsl>myList = myList + [new_item]; // appended list concatenation</lsl>
3. <lsl>myList += [new_item]; // appended list concatenation with simplified syntax</lsl>
4. <lsl>myList = (myList=[]) + myList + [new_item]; // appended list concatenation with memory fragmentation optimization</lsl>
5. <lsl>myList = myList + new_item; // appended item</lsl>
6. <lsl>myList += new_item; // appended item with simplified syntax</lsl>
7. <lsl>myList = (myList=[]) + myList + new_item; // Best method for LSO-LSL: appended item with memory fragmentation optimization</lsl>

Notes

• As of 8/8/2009 Method 1 gives significant savings over any other method used in Mono-LSL.
  • Note that prepending the new_item without brackets negates any memory savings in Mono-LSL.
  • Method 1 will consume more memory than other methods in LSO-LSL.
• As of 8/8/2009 Method 7 returns the best value for savings in LSO-LSL.
  • Method 7 is better than Method 4 due to the fact that Method 7 takes up less script overhead.
  • Method 7 test script compiled to have a start memory of 15878, while Method 4 compiled to have a start memory of 15871. As a result Method 7 had more free memory than Method 4 at the end of the test operation.
• Methods 2 & 3 compile to the same thing.
• Methods 5 & 6 compile to the same thing.
• Methods 5, 6 & 7 have a bytecode savings over methods 2, 3 & 4 respectively, though there is an LSO-LSL VM bug that causes the string & key typecasts to not stick properly: SVC-1710.
• Methods 4 & 7 can result in a considerable memory savings in LSO-LSL over methods 2, 3, 5 & 6 (it helps reduce heap fragmentation, which would otherwise result in unusable blocks of heap memory)^[1]. In Mono-LSL it provides no significant memory advantage or disadvantage.
  • Depending upon the situation (in LSO-LSL) this method may not provide any advantage what so ever. If in doubt profile the script with and without using this method.

Joining Lists (aka Concatenation)

Lists can be joined simply by using the + sign:

<lsl>newlist = list01 + list02;

newlist = list01 + ["red","brown",<0,0,0>];</lsl>

Note: The above example actually creates 3 lists in memory while the command runs, even though just one is returned. This can affect memory usage.

Clearing a List

To clear a list, set it equal to two square, empty brackets like this:

<lsl>myList = [];</lsl>

Passing a List Into a Function

Passing a list into a function is little different than passing any other data type, however, there are some useful cases to be aware of:

<lsl>myList = llListReplaceList(myList, ["myString"], 2, 2);</lsl>

In the above code, we call llListReplaceList(), an innocent enough operation, however, due to the way passing of lists, and functions such as llListReplaceList(), llDeleteSubList(), llList2List() and llListSortList() (and others), work, you can end up using two, three, or even four times the amount of memory required to store your list, just by calling that function! To avoid this problem, we can use a small piece of optimisation; if you know that the list you're passing into such a function will never be read again (for example if the result of the function will overwrite the list) then we can do this:

<lsl>myList = llListReplaceList((myList = []) + myList, ["myString"], 2, 2);</lsl>

The effect of this is to greatly reduce the memory usage, in both LSO-LSL and Mono VMs, and also reduce the fragmentation of memory. This can also work for other cases other than function-calls, for example when concatenating lists (above), you may find that this nearly eliminates any memory problem:

<lsl>list list1 = ["a", "b", "c"]; list2 = ["d", "e", "f"]; list3 = (list1 = list2 = []) + list1 + list2;</lsl>

Processing a List Into Another List

A more complex case, but sometimes when processing a large list you may find that you are producing a similarly large list as a result. In such cases there is a very large risk of running out of memory. As a result, in any case where you know you will, or might, be working on a particularly large list, it will often be worth manipulating them similarly to:

<lsl>list myOutput = [];

integer i = 0; integer x = myList != []; for (; i < x; ++i) {

   if (i > 10) { // Prune list every 10 elements
       myList = llDeleteSubList((myList = []) + myList, 0, i - 1);
       x -= i;
       i = 0;
  }

  // Do some work here:
  myOutput += llList2List(myList, i, i); // A silly bit of example work

}</lsl>

This method (deleting every few list entries or strides) is preferable to deleting an entry every loop, as the cost of calling llDeleteSubList() is very high. It is up to the scripter to decide what their optimal chunk-size is for pruning an input list, as you will need to balance memory use with delete cost.

Strided lists

One common use of lists is to duplicate the functionality of structured collections of data (aka structs). Such collections, available in many programming languages, are absent from LSL.

In-world in SL, (still as of July 2008), a strided list is the closest you can get to storing limited amounts of data in some kind of structure that you can access and manipulate in a few, limited ways.

Strided lists allow you to store related data pieces grouped (aka "strided") in sets. You can determine how many pieces of data in each "grouping."

An example is best at this point. You might use a strided list to track the names, gender and rez dates of a group of avatars:

<lsl>list demographics = ["John Adams", "male", "2007-06-22", "Shirley Bassey", "female", "2005-11-02", "Matt Damon", "male", "2008-05-19"];</lsl>

This example has a stride of three, because each grouping (or stride) has three data elements. Index 0 ("John Adams") is the start of the first instance (because list counting starts a 0), index 3 ("Shirley Bassey") is the start of the second instance, and so on.

It is important that the pieces of information in each grouping are always entered in the same sequence for every instance of the grouping in the list! In the example above, this means that the name needs to be always the first of the three related elements. You should consider carefully the order in which you record information because the function to sort a list, llListSort, will only sort on the first element of the instances. In other words, if the avatar's rez date were the most important attribute for your script, then you would need to record it first, and the name second. If you wish to be able to sort by avatar last name rather than first name, the name should be added to the list in Lastname FirstName format (avoiding a comma, though, of course, unless you wanted LastName and FirstName treated as separate elements in the list.)

To add another person to the above list, you would do this:

<lsl>demographics += ["Dorthy Lamour", "female", "2010-01-22"];</lsl>

You cannot do any kind of fancy data analysis or manipulation with strided lists, as you can in off-world databases or spreadsheets, but they can meet some limited, in-world needs, if you don't have the resources to tie-in off-world tools. It should be noted that when manipulating extremely large strided lists, that if you expect to be editing the lists that you may wish to use one list for each "column", this may be more complex but significantly reduces the amount of memory required when manipulating the lists, though it will be a lot more difficult to sort.

Here are the tools we do have for strided lists:

The following three (as of July 2008) native LSL functions can be used with strided lists:

• llList2ListStrided
• llListRandomize
• llListSort

Here are some additional, user-created functions for working with strided lists:

Extended List Operations

These functions have been created and contributed by LSL users to perform operations not covered by built-in LSL functions.